Review on Comprehensive Design and Analysis of Battery Management Systems for Next-Generation Electric Vehicles

Abstract

A key aspect of a battery management system is its ability to assess the overall health of the battery pack. By monitoring the internal resistance of each cell and tracking the capacity of the weakest cell, the BMS calculates a cell health percentage ranging from 0 to 100%. This data is then compared against preset thresholds, and if any cells (or the entire pack) fall below these thresholds, a trouble code is generated, and freeze frame data is stored for future analysis. The Battery Monitoring System is equipped with a wide range of features aimed at safeguarding the battery pack. These systems not only monitor and protect the battery but also employ strategies to ensure it remains ready to deliver full power when required and extend its lifespan.

Introduction

Electric vehicles (EVs) are gaining popularity due to their sustainability, efficiency, and lower carbon emissions. A Battery Management System (BMS) is critical for EVs, as it regulates battery charging, discharging, temperature, and overall health, ensuring safety, optimal performance, and longevity. Lithium-ion batteries, commonly used in EVs, require precise management to prevent overcharging, deep discharge, or thermal hazards.

This paper proposes an Arduino- and IoT-based BMS for real-time monitoring and control of EV batteries. The system uses voltage, current, and temperature sensors, a microcontroller, wireless communication, and cloud storage to provide insights into battery health, predict range, and optimize performance. The BMS monitors each cell’s state of charge (SoC), temperature, and voltage, and performs cell balancing—either passively (dissipating excess energy via resistors) or actively—to maintain uniform cell performance.

Objectives of BMS:

• Protect individual cells from damage.

• Control charging and discharging to prevent battery degradation.

• Monitor parameters like voltage, current, temperature, and SoC.

• Enhance battery reliability, safety, and lifespan.

Architecture and Functioning:

• Uses sensors to collect real-time data for monitoring and safety.

• Employs thermal management to prevent overheating during charging.

• Models battery behavior using equivalent circuits to predict voltage changes.

• Implements passive cell balancing to equalize cell voltages after each charge cycle.

EV adoption is driven by limited fossil fuel reserves and environmental concerns, as EVs emit far fewer CO2 emissions than conventional vehicles. Studies show BMS integration improves battery efficiency, safety, and overall EV reliability.

Conclusion

Electric vehicles and other systems utilizing rechargeable batteries necessitate a battery management system (BMS). The primary function of a BMS is to oversee, regulate, and optimize the charging and discharging processes of batteries, ensuring their longevity and safety. A well-engineered BMS can enhance the performance and reliability of the battery system, extend the battery\'s lifespan, and mitigate catastrophic failures such as fire or explosion. Thus, a BMS plays a critical role in the sustainable development of electric transportation and energy storage. The proposed approach offers a cost-effective solution for battery management by addressing heat issues, thereby improving battery efficiency. Moreover, the BMS is highly dependable and cost-efficient.

References

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Copyright

Copyright © 2025 Yamini Ashok Manghate, Rajendra Bhombe, Priyanka Rajput, Saurab Bagde. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.